Contents



Part I: Infrastructure Development: An Introduction

1. Infrastructure Development: An Introduction - Infrastructure and Economic Development; Traditional Approach to Infrastructure; Commercialisation of Infrastructure Services: The New Approach; Allocation of Risks: The Key Problem; Infrastructure Finance: Nature and Options; India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL); Recent Policy Announcements on Infrastructure; FDI in Infrastructure; Conclusion



Part II: Economic Infrastructure

2. Energy Sector: Objectives and Policy Measures - Electric Power; Coal; Oil and Gas

3. Transport Sector: Recent Initiatives and Outlook - Indian Railways; Roads and Road Transport; Ports; Civil Aviation

4. Telecommunications: The Great Leap - Importance of Telecommunications; Telecommunications in India; New Telecom Policy (NTP), 1999; FDI in Telecommunications; Telecommunication Services in Rural Areas; Recent Policy Initiatives in Telecom Sector; Agenda for Reforms; Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Telecom and Connectivity; Vision for the Future; Modernisation of Postal Services; Conclusion.

5. Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Islands of Integrated Production Facilities - Economics of SEZs; SEZs in India; Main Features of the SEZ Policy in India; Criteria for Approval; Conversion of EPZs into SEZs; Performance of SEZs in India; Apprehensions and Concerns; SEZs and National Security; Lessons from China; Challenges/Task Ahead; Conclusion

6. Urban and Rural Infrastructure - Urban Infrastructure; Rural Infrastructure

7. Tax Incentives for Infrastructure Development - Economics of Tax Incentives; Justification for Tax Incentives for Infrastructure Development; Tax Incentives under Income Tax Act, 1961



Part III: Social Infrastructure

8. Human Development and Social Security - Human Development Indicators; Millennium Development Goals: Deadline 2015; Social Security: Conceptual Framework; Social Security in India?s Constitution; Present Status of Social Security in India; Major Programmes for Social Development Launched in 2005-06; Disaster Management; Roadmap for the Future

9. Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Programmes - How is Poverty Line Drawn?; Incidence of Poverty; Causes of Poverty; Major Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes; Union Budget 2005-06: Assault on Poverty and Unemployment; Conclusion

10. Health and Family Welfare - Health; Family Welfare; Nutrition Support; Conclusion

11. Education and Training - Education as Critical Input; Elementary Education: Select Programmes; Secondary and Higher Education; Technical Education; Adult Education; Education and Health in the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)

12. Labour Force and Employment Policy - Work Force Participation Rates; Occupational Structure; Nature and Extent of Unemployment in India; Causes of Unemployment; Government Policy to Tackle Unemployment; Second National Commission on Labour, 2002; Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment Opportunities Per Year during the Tenth Plan; Employment Policy in Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007); Sectoral Policies for Employment Generation; National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005: Main Provisions; Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Employment; Future Employment Scenario

13. Labour Welfare: Legal Framework and Initiatives - Need for Social Security; Constitution and the Directive Principles of State Policy; Legislations Pertaining to Labour; Labour Related Organisations/Activities/Schemes; Employees State Insurance (ESI) Scheme; Employees Provident Fund (EPF); Payment of Gratuity; Employees Pension Scheme; Retrenchment Compensation; Unemployment Allowance; Labour Welfare Funds; Insurance Scheme for Cultivators; Insurance Scheme for Agricultural Workers; Tax Concessions for Labour Welfare; Conclusion

14. Women Workers: Legislations and Empowerment - Provisions Regarding Working Conditions for Women; Women Welfare: Constitutional Rights; Categorisation of Laws Pertaining to Women; Recommendations of National Commission on;

15. Empowerment of Socially Disadvantaged Groups - Scheduled Castes; Scheduled Tribes; Other Backward Classes (OBC); Minorities; Physically/Mentally Challenged; Social Deviants; Older Persons; Other Disadvantaged Groups; Right to Maintenance; Conclusion



Part IV: Economic and Social Infrastructure in India?s Five Year Plans: Edited Extracts



Part V: Appendices

Appendix 1: Economic Reforms in India: An Overview; Appendix 2: Ten Point Agenda Declared by Minister of Communications and Information Technology on 24.05.2006; Appendix 3: Cellular Mobile Telephone Service; Appendix 4: Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT); Appendix 5: Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF);

Availability of adequate, efficient and affordable infrastructural facilitiespower, transport, communications, irrigation and othersconstitutes the core of development strategy and efforts. Unfortunately, infrastructural bottlenecks remain the biggest stumbling block of industrial progress in India. By their very nature, infrastructure projects involve huge initial investments, long gestation periods and high risk. Various initiatives have been taken for the development of infrastructure in India after the initiation of economic reforms in the early 1990s. India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) was incorporated on January 5, 2006 to lend funds, of longer term maturity, directly to the eligible projects to supplement other loans from banks and financial institutions. Broad guidelines were issued on September 23, 2011 for setting up Infrastructure Debt Funds (IDFs) to facilitate flow of funds into infrastructure projects. Electricity Act, 2003 recognizes trading of power as a distinct activity and permits State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) to allow open access in distribution of electricity in phases that would ultimately encourage efficiency and competition. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was launched by the Prime Minister on April 4, 2005. This scheme is for rural electricity infrastructure and household electrification. The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country is being implemented by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). National Telecom Policy, 2011 seeks to maximize public good by making available affordable, reliable and secure telecommunication and broadband services across the entire country. Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 seeks to promote value addition component in exports, generate employment and mobilize foreign exchange. Planning Commission, Government of India, in its Approach Paper released in October 2011 has projected an investment in infrastructure of over ' 45 lakh crore (about US$ 1 trillion) during the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17). It is projected that at least 50 percent of this investment will come from the private sector as against the 36 percent anticipated in the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12). This book provides an exhaustive and analytical account of various facets of infrastructure development in India. It contains 32 chapters which are categorized under the following 8 theme parts: Part I: Infrastructure and Economic Development. Part II: Energy Needs, Sources and Management. Part III: Transport Services. Part IV: Telecommunications, Information Technology (IT), Postal Services, and Broadcasting. Part V: Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Part VI: Water Resources and Irrigation. Part VII: Rural Infrastructure and Services. Part VIII: Urban Infrastructure and Services. Besides, there are 9 Appendices which contain varied information on infrastructure in India.