This paper endeavored to examine the production structure and technical efficiency in Indian pharmaceutical industry during 1974-75 to 2011-12. In view of achieving the above objective, data was culled out from the various reports of the Annual Survey of Industries and Handbook of Statistics. For analysis purpose, the stochastic frontier approach was used to estimate the production function and the time varying technical efficiency in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The empirical analysis based on the econometric technique showed that the Cobb-Douglas production function with Hicks-neutral technical progress was not appropriate in case of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it was observed that the translog production function with capital using non-neutral technological progress represented the technological relationship in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the time-variant prediction of technical efficiency at constant returns to scale, at varying returns to scale, and scale efficiency in the Indian pharmaceutical industry during the study period revealed that the average technical efficiency at constant returns to scale for the Indian pharmaceutical industry during the entire period turned out be 0.995 and it implied that the Indian pharmaceutical industry had realized about 99.5% of its technical abilities. Thus, there were very less variations in the technical efficiency in the Indian pharmaceutical industry and showed the stable trends throughout the study period.